Today’s cars and light-duty trucks use either gasoline flex fuel (gasoline or E85) or diesel engines. By far the most common engine used in the United States is the gasoline piston engine. Flex fuel vehicles are generally regular production based gasoline engines with modifications to the fuel system and engine controls to support the use of E85 and gasoline.

These modifications typically include larger fuel injectors stainless steel fuel line components and computer reprogramming. Diesel engines have been very popular in lightand medium-duty pickups because of their high towing power and improved fuel economy over their gas counterparts.

Main Engine Components:
- Engine Block
- Pistons
- Connecting Rods
- Crankshaft

* Automotive 4 Cycle Engines
As mentioned before automotive engines are 4 stroke whether they are gasoline or diesel. The first stroke is the intake stroke and begins with the piston all the way up at Top Dead Center (TDC). The intake valve will open before the piston reaches TDC so that the piston can draw air and the fuel provided by the fuel system into the cylinder.

The intake valve closes just after the piston goes all the way down reaching Bottom Dead Center (BDC). This starts the second stroke as the piston rises to compress the air and fuel mixture. A few degrees of crankshaft rotation prior to arriving at TDC again the spark plug is fired to begin burning the air/fuel mixture (now very volatile because it is compressed 9 to 10 times its original size). The ensuing rapid expansion causes the power stroke forcing the piston down.

The last stroke is the exhaust stroke. As the piston comes back up driven by inertia and its opposing cylinder all the left over content of the cylinder is pushed out through the exhaust valve which opens as the power stroke concludes. This is how the engine provides the energy to propel the vehicle down the road.

* Diesel & Direct Injection
One slight variation exists with diesels and gas direct injection. Instead of the fuel being inside the intake manifold waiting for the intake valve to open the fuel is actually sprayed under very high pressure directly at the piston allowing more control and a longer power stroke. This type of fuel system will become the norm in years to come as it offers an instant increase in horsepower and fuel mileage and allows a reduction in vehicle emissions.

Diesel engines are also known as compression ignition engines. They compress the air in the cylinder to 17-22 times its original size which superheats it to the point where it becomes so hot that it ignites the fuel as it is injected into the cylinder. Diesels use some form of glow plug or intake air heater for cold starts. The cylinder head is mounted on top of the block and provides a sealed top to the cylinders. A head gasket goes between the head and block to prevent any internal or external leaks from the coolant and lubricant passages and the cylinders.

The head and the top of each cylinder form the combustion chamber where the air/fuel mixture is compressed and burned. The cylinder head also contains the openings called ports for the air/fuel mixture to enter and the burned gases to leave the combustion chamber. Air is filtered prior to entering the intake system. The exhaust manifold provides the path to the exhaust system for the burned gases coming out of the cylinders. Gaskets are placed between the intake manifold exhaust manifold and the engine to prevent leaks.

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